{"id":5893,"date":"2022-02-08T15:36:54","date_gmt":"2022-02-08T20:36:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museefrappier.org\/the-man\/"},"modified":"2022-03-28T09:59:16","modified_gmt":"2022-03-28T13:59:16","slug":"the-man","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/museefrappier.org\/en\/dr-armand-frappier\/the-man\/","title":{"rendered":"The Man"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Dr. Armand Frappier<\/h2>\n

The Man<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n
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Armand, the first-born child of Arthur Frappier and Bernadette Codebecq \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t
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His birth<\/h3>\n

Armand Frappier was born in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec, on November 26, 1904. He was the oldest of eight children. His parents are Arthur Alexis Frappier et Bernadette Codebecq.<\/p>\n

Arthur Frappier was a teacher and school principal in Salaberry-de-Valleyfield for twenty years. A talented artist, he was also the Cathedral\u2019s organist, the local brass band\u2019s director, and a music teacher. Bernadette Codebecq, Armand Frappier\u2019s mother also came from a family of teachers. Her father even founded a model school and she taught school, as did her four sisters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

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His studies<\/h3>\n

At age 6, Armand started school with the Sisters of Providence. His father insisted he repeat the fourth grade, judging that his marks were not up to par. Armand completed his classical studies at the S\u00e9minaire de Valleyfield, and finished among the top students in his class.<\/p>\n

Anecdote: Up until \u201cversification\u201d (the equivalent of today\u2019s Secondary IV) in his \u201c\u00e9tudes classiques\u201d, Armand Frappier was, as he himself put it, an \u00ab undisciplined student \u00bb. Armand and his friend, Maximilien Caron, led the gang of unruly students. One day, a professor reprimanded them and told them what he thought of them. To Maximilien \u00ab You are nothing but a ton of pride \u00bb; and to Armand: \u00ab You are not true to yourself, you are but a sheep following the other unruly students \u00bb. The lesson would turn out to be beneficial: both men went on to have brilliant careers, one in medicine, the other in law. At this time, Armand adopted the motto Vox non echo which means \u00ab you will be the voice, not the echo \u00bb.<\/p>\n

A career choice marked by pain<\/h4>\n

It was in college, from the first introductory courses in chemistry, that Armand Frappier discovered his passion for this branch of science. He even set up a laboratory in the stable behind his house, where he could conduct experiments at his leisure. He thought he had found his calling. Unfortunately, a dark shadow hovered over Armand Frappier\u2019s life and family: tuberculosis. Without access to a vaccine to prevent the disease or treatments to cure it, Armand Frappier\u2019s mother died from it in May, 1923, at 40 years of age. Armand Frappier was only 19 years old. During the same period of time, he suffered the loss of other close family members. He described these deaths as a \u00ab black and trying period in his life \u00bb. Armand Frappier would become not a chemist, but a doctor.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

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The young Armand Frappier \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Drawing executed by Dr. Frappier during his protozoology course (1924-1925). \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Dr. Armand Frappier\u2019s stethoscope. \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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Dr. Armand-Frappier posing at the foot of the Trudeau statue in Saranac Lake in the state of New York. \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Armand Frappier was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine on May 30, 1930, at the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. This document is a duplicate of the original diploma; it was issued on June 30, 1994.\u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Dr. Armand-Frappier\u2019s medical case \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n
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His studies in medicine at the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al<\/h4>\n

In 1924, having finished his studies at the Coll\u00e8ge de Valleyfield and obtained a bachelor of arts degree, he registered as a student in the faculty of medicine at the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. From that moment on, he would pursue his fight against this \u00ab tueuse de maman \u00bb (mother killer), tuberculosis.<\/p>\n

In June, 1930, after 5 years of study and work, he was finally awarded his doctor\u2019s diploma. But there was still a long way to go in order to realize his dream of doing research. In order to improve his knowledge of the basic sciences, he enrolled immediately in a one-year program to obtain certificates in biochemistry, physical chemistry, and mathematics.<\/p>\n

1931: An encounter that shaped his career<\/h4>\n

\u00ab One day, as I was talking with the physiology professor, Dr. Elie Asselin, he said: “If you want to find a solution to tuberculosis, you won\u2019t find it with chemistry, but with microbiology. \u00bb Two days later I put my destiny in the hands of the Dean of Medicine of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Dr. T\u00e9lesphore Parizeau, who welcomed me with open arms. He helped me get a scholarship from the Rockefeller Foundation so that I could go and study in the United States.\u00bb<\/p>\n

Dr. T\u00e9lesphore Parizeau had himself studied at the Institut Pasteur in Paris.<\/p>\n

In the thirties, Quebec was unable to offer a more complete education to its graduates. The young Dr. Frappier had to look elsewhere \u2013 to the place where the development of science was beginning to accelerate \u2013 in order to acquire the knowledge he needed to attack tuberculosis.<\/p>\n

His studies at the University of Rochester<\/h4>\n

In the early 1930s, a grant from the Rockfeller Foundation opened doors for him in the American laboratories. Armand Frappier went to the University of Rochester, a rich and well-equipped establishment, financed by Kodak, to study microbiology. Compared to the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al which was poor and decrepit, and where research was poorly developed \u2014 the contrast was enormous. Instead of being discouraged, Armand Frappier told himself that he would have a stimulating challenge in order to improve things when he returned home! During this learning period in the United States, he interned in the microbiology laboratories of several renowned researchers, many of whom were staunchly opposed to the BCG vaccine.<\/p>\n

His trip to the Institut Pasteur<\/h4>\n

The BCG vaccine, developed and perfected at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, was the first live weakened vaccine to be used. The Americans, led by Dr. Petroff, were unenthusiastic about its widespread use. They feared that, given time, the bacillus would regain its virulence (its power to cause the disease). Even after decades of being used in total safety, the fear of the BCG vaccine persisted in the United States.<\/p>\n

Dr. Petroff, a great opponent to the use of BCG, died of tuberculosis. Dr. Frappier trained in his laboratory in 1932. Dr. Frappier trained in his laboratory in 1932.<\/p>\n

When Dr. Frappier arrived at the Institut Pasteur, the BCG vaccine had been in successful use for eight years. Dr. N\u00e8gre\u2019s experiments, after those of Calmette and Guerin, had proven the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine, and had shown that the Americans’ great fear of seeing the virulence reappear was unfounded. The Institut Pasteur was at the very heart of microbiology and of the fight against tuberculosis. This was quite an experience for Dr. Frappier, because this was when he learned to produce the BCG vaccine. Convinced that he finally had an efficient weapon against tuberculosis, Dr. Frappier returned to the country with very precious baggage: a flask containing a strain of the famous BCG!<\/p>\n

\u00ab We arrived in Montreal on January 1, 1933, after a transatlantic crossing during which the Carinthia met such a storm that water was entering by the windows in the living room. \u00bb<\/p>\n

\u00ab During these studies abroad, I had not only opened my mind, but I also became more familiar with the experimental method. I had become friends with my professors and they had promised me their help. I followed their advice and kept in touch with them until their deaths. I brought a strain of BCG from the Institut Pasteur back with me.\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

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Wishing to understand for himself both sides of the issue regarding the use of the BCG vaccine, Dr. Frappier decided to visit the vaccine\u2019s discoverers, Calmette and Gu\u00e9rin. \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t
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His post medical studies<\/h4>\n

He pursued his post medical studies, taking courses in advanced mathematics, biology, and biochemistry. At the beginning of 1933, he obtained his Bachelor of Science, composed of three study certificates, from the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al.<\/p>\n

In 1933, Dr. Frappier was the first North American researcher solicited by the National Research Council of Canada to confirm the quality and effectiveness of the BCG vaccine and to develop a safe production process. The Institut Pasteur entrusted Dr. Frappier with a BCG strain that he brought back to Canada in order to produce a live but attenuated vaccine here. Dr. Frappier was a supporter of the rational application of antituberculosis vaccination by BCG in Canada.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

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His family<\/h2>\n

Economies were crumbling. The world was in crisis. Democracies were trembling. Perspectives were daunting. But Armand Frappier did not let this drag him down. He was already used to providing for his own needs and accepted the family responsibilities that destiny forced upon him when his father died while he was still a student. They would not live in wealth, but they would get by.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

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Wedding of Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Ostiguy and Armand Frappier on June 29, 1929. \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Lise Frappier with her parents: Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Ostiguy and Armand Frappier. \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Armand Frappier\u2019s children \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n
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His wedding<\/h4>\n

On June 29, 1929, he married Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Ostiguy, second eldest of 10 children born to No\u00ebl Ostiguy, a fur trader from Salaberry-de-Valleyfield. The honeymoon took place on the Richelieu, a boat where Les Carabins, the group of musicians of which he was a member, provided entertainment.<\/p>\n

Another family responsibility<\/h4>\n

A few months later, Armand Frappier\u2019s father died suddenly at the age of 58. He left behind 4 young children. At age 25, newly married and still a student, Armand took on the responsibility of supporting the family.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

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The Frappier family \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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His children<\/h4>\n

In May 1930, one month before he obtained his medical degree from the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, his daughter Lise was born. Armand Frappier had to deliver his daughter himself because the doctor arrived too late. Her birth was later followed by the births of three other children, Monique, Mich\u00e8le, and Paul.<\/p>\n

Lise<\/strong> would go on to pursue medical studies at the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and a Master\u2019s degree in public health at Harvard University in the United States. She became an epidemiologist, taught at McGill University and at the \u00c9cole d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, and worked for more than 30 years at the Institut Armand-Frappier. Lise Frappier married Dr. Andr\u00e9 Davignon, a professor at the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and a renowned cardiologist at H\u00f4pital Sainte-Justine. Mrs. Frappier-Davignon died in May 1999.<\/p>\n

Monique<\/strong> studied in the Faculty of Social Science of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and earned her Master\u2019s degree in economics. She married Gilles Desrochers and together they adopted two children. She completed her first year of doctoral studies in economics at Cambridge, England, followed by two years at McGill. She held, among others, the position of Economic Research Director in one of the Quebec government ministries. She passed away in April 2017.<\/p>\n

Mich\u00e8le<\/strong> obtained her Bachelor of Science in dietetics and nutrition from the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. She worked in the field of dairy products in Quebec and then in fisheries in Ottawa. Working for the federal government, she contributed to the commercialization of Canadian fishery products in Canada, the United States, Europe, and in Asia before taking on contracts with the largest governmental and industrial organizations. She married Jacques Daignault, an international financier. They had two children together.<\/p>\n

After college, Paul<\/strong> pursued his studies as a chartered evaluator and became a businessman in building valuation. Paul Frappier and his wife, Diane Berthelet, also in the business world, had two children. Paul died in 2005.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

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His leisure activities<\/h3>\n

Music<\/h4>\n

From an early age, Armand Frappier learned to multitask: juggling his studies and musical interests, all the while making time for friends and leisure. His father introduced him and his brother, Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e, to the violin, cello, and clarinet. Barely 7 years old, he was already appearing on stage in regional parish halls and social settings, as part of the \u00ab Trio Frappier \u00bb with his father and his brother. Though he initially played for the sheer pleasure of it, Armand Frappier eventually played the violin to earn money while in school.<\/p>\n

In 1924, even though he had no money, Armand Frappier enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al. His father had told him: \u00ab I paid for my studies with my music, you\u2019ll do the same. \u00bb After having unsuccessfully looked for a position as a music teacher, Armand started his own orchestra: \u00ab Les Carabins \u00bb. They played in restaurants, for parties and receptions and, in the summer, on the ships of the Canadian Steamship Line.<\/p>\n

Music didn\u2019t make him forget his passion for chemistry. He took a job as an assistant at the chemistry laboratory of the Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al and, in addition, he took on the responsibility of the chemistry laboratories of H\u00f4pital Saint-Luc and H\u00f4pital de la Mis\u00e9ricorde.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n

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Dr. Armand Frappier\u2019s violin \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Photograph of Dr. Frappier playing the violin \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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\u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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Les Carabins on the S. S. Richelieu. \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Armand Frappier playing the piano. Music was a part of Armand Frappier\u2019s life \u00a9Mus\u00e9e de la sant\u00e9 Armand-Frappier<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n
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Hunting and fishing<\/h4>\n

Dr. Frappier spent his leisure time hunting and fishing with his good friends throughout the province of Quebec.<\/p>\n

Gardening<\/h4>\n

He grew plums and cherries in his garden, and made jams for his family. He was an avid reader, and enjoyed playing the violin, listening to music, and relaxing with his family at their home, named la Pointe.<\/p>\n

A day in the schedule of the student Frappier\u2026<\/h4>\n